HOME Articles 1994-1996 Articles 1997-1999 Articles 2000-2002 Articles 2003-2005 Articles 2006-2007 Articles 2008-2009 Books Book Chapters Show All Articles 1994-1996 Stapel, D.A., Reicher, S.D., & Spears, R. (1994). Social identity, availability and the perception of risk. Social Cognition, 12, 1-17. Stapel, D.A., Reicher, S.D., & Spears, R. (1995). Contextual determinants of strategic choice: Some moderators of the availability bias. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 141-158. Stapel, D.A., & Spears, R. (1995). Reflected or deflected glory?: The impact of analogies on the perception of politicians and their policies. Politics, Groups and the Individual, 5, 21-30. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (1996). Differential consequences of trait inferences: A direct test of the trait-referent hypothesis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 827-838. Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W., & Van der Pligt, J. (1996). The referents of trait inferences: The impact of trait concepts versus actor-trait links on subsequent judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 437-450. Stapel, D.A., & Spears, R. (1996). Event accessibility and context effects in causal inference: Judgment of a different order. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 979-992. Stapel, D.A., & Spears R. (1996). Guilty by disassociation (and innocent by association): The impact of relevant and irrelevant analogies on political judgments. Political Behavior, 18, 289-310. Stapel, D.A., & Velthuijsen, A.S. (1996). As if it happened to me: The impact of vivid and self-relevant information on risk judgments. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 102-119. Articles 1997-1999 Stapel, D.A. (1997). The construction of social judgments: A constructive perspective for behavioral decision research? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 10, 355-357. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (1997). Social categorization and perceptual judgment of size: When perception is social. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1177-1190. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (1997). Using primed exemplars during impression formation: Interpretation or comparison? European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 357-367. Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W. , & Van der Pligt (1997). Categories of category accessibility: The impact of trait versus exemplar priming on person judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 44-76. Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., Postmes, T., Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W., Van Knippenberg, A., Scheepers, D. (1998). Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 862–871. Koomen, W., Stapel, D.A., Jansen, S.S., In 't Veld, K.H.R. (1998). Priming and timing: A test of two perspectives. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 681-686. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (1998). When stereotype activation results in (counter)stereotypical judgments: Priming stereotype-relevant traits and exemplars. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 136-163. Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W., & Velthuijsen, A.S. (1998). Assimilation or contrast?: Comparison relevance, distinctness, and the impact of accessible information on consumer judgments. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7, 1 -24. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W, & Zeelenberg, M. (1998). The impact of accuracy motivation on interpretation, comparison, and correction processes: Accuracy motivation x knowledge accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 878-893. Stapel, D.A., Martin, L.L., & Schwarz, N. (1998). The smell of bias: What instigates correction processes in social judgments? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 797-806. Stapel, D.A., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Similarities and differences between trait concept and expectancy priming: What matters is whether the target stimulus is ambiguous or mixed. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 227-245. Stapel, D.A., & Schwarz, N. (1998). The Republican who did not want to become President: An inclusion/exclusion analysis of Colin Powell's impact on evaluations of the Republican party and Bob Dole. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 690-699. Stapel, D.A., & Winkielman, P. (1998). Assimilation and contrast as a function of context-target similarity, distinctness, and dimensional relevance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 634-646. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (1998). Interpretation versus reference framing: Assimilation and contrast effects in the organizational domain. Organizational Behavior and Humand Decision Making Processes, 76, 132-148. Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W., & Spears, R. (1999). Framed and misfortuned: Self-categorization and the whiff of scandal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2-3, 397-402. Articles 2000-2002 Stapel, D.A. (2000). Moving from fads and fashions to integration: Illustrations from knowledge accessibility research. European Bulletin of Social Psychology, 12, 4-27. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2000). How far do we go beyond the information given? The impact of knowledge activation on interpretation and inference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 19-37. Koomen, W., Visser, M., & Stapel, D.A. (2000). The credibility of newspapers and fear of crime. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 921-934. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2000). The impact of opposites: Implications of trait inferences and their antonyms for person judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 439-464. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2000). Distinctness of others and malleability of selves: Their impact on social comparison effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1068–1087. Gordijn, E., Koomen, W., & Stapel, D.A. (2001). Level of prejudice in relation to knowledge of cultural stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 150-157. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2001). The impact of interpretation versus comparison goals on knowledge accessibility effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psycholoy, 37, 134-149. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2001). I, we, and the effects of others on me: How self-construal moderates social comparison effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 766-781. (download Dutch trip to the city questionnaire) (download English trip to the city questionnaire) Stapel, D.A., & Tesser, A. (2001). Self-activation increases social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 742-750. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2001). When we wonder what it all means: Interpretation goals facilitate accessibility and stereotyping effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 915-929. Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W., & Ruijs, K. (2002). The effects of diffuse and distinct affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 60-74. Articles 2003-2005 Spears R., Gordijn E., Dijksterhuis A., Stapel D.A. (2004). Reacton in Action: Intergroup Contrast in Automatic Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, iss. 5, 605-616. Stapel, D.A. & Schwinghammer, S.A. (2004). Defensive social comparison and the constraints of reality. Social Cognition, 22, 147-167. Stapel, D.A., & Blanton, H. (2004). From seeing to being: Subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, volume 87, 468-481. (download english version of wezwe task) Stapel, D.A., & Suls, J. (2004). Method matters: Effects of implicit versus explicit social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 860-875. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2005). When less is more: The consequences of affective primacy for subliminal priming effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 1286-1295. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2005). Competition, Cooperation, and the Effects of Others on Me Journal of Personality And Social Psychology. Vol. 88, 1029-1038. (download competition-cooperation scale) Marx, D.M., & Stapel, D.A., & Muller, D. (2005). We can do it: The Interplay of Construal Orientation and Social Comparisons Under Threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 432-446. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2005). Multiple ambiguity and an impression formation focus make inapplicable primes useful. Social Cognition, 4, 324-335. Marx, D.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2005). Timing is everything: Emotional reactions to stereotype threat before and after taking a test. European Journal of Social Psychology, in press. Marx, D.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2005). It is all about perspective: The role of self-relevance in stereotype-based underperformance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, in press. Articles 2006-2007 Stapel, D.A., & Marx, D.M. (2006). Hardly thinking about others: On target closeness and cognitive busyness in social comparison effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 397 - 405. Stapel, D.A., & Van der Zee, K.I. (2006). The Self Salience Model of other-to-self effects: Integrating self-enhancement, complementarity, and imitation principles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 258-271. Schwinghammer S.A., Stapel, D.A., Blanton, H. (2006). Different Selves Have Different Effects: Self-Activation and Defensive Social Comparison. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 27-39. Marx, D.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2006). Distinguishing stereotype threat from priming effects: On the role of the social self and threat-based concerns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 243-254. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2006). The flexible unconscious: Investigating the judgmental impact of varieties of unaware perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 112-119. Schwinghammer, S.A., & Stapel, D.A. (2006). The Effects of Different Types of Self-activation on Social Comparison Orientation. Social Cognition, 24, 703-722. Marx, D.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2006). Understanding stereotype lift: The role of the social self. Social Cognition, 24, 776-792. Stapel, D.A., & Marx, D.M. (2007). Making sense of war: Using the Interpretation Comparison Model to understand the Iraq conflict. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 401-420. Stapel, D.A., & Johnson, C.S. (2007). When nothing compares to me: How defensive motivations and similarity shape social comparison effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 824-838. Gordijn E.H., & Stapel, D.A. (2006). Behavioural effects of automatic interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 717-729. Otten, S., & Stapel, D.A. (2007). Who is this Donald? How social categorization affects aggression-priming effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1000-1015. Marx, D.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2006). It depends on your perspective: The role of self-relevance in stereotype-based underperformance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 768-775. Johnson, C., & Stapel, D.A. (2007). When Different is Better: Performance Following Upward Comparison. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 258-275. Stapel, D.A., & Semin, G.R. (2007). The magic spell of language: Linguistic categories and their perceptual consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 34-48. Stapel, D.A., & Marx, D.M. (2007). Distinctiveness is Key: How Different Types of Self-Other Similarity Moderate Social Comparison Effects Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 439-448. Johnson, C.S. & Stapel, D. A. (2007). No pain, no gain: The conditions under which upward comparisons lead to better performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1051-1067. Maringer, M., & Stapel, D.A. (2007). Unfinished business: how completeness affects the impact of emotional states and emotion concepts on social judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 712-718. Trampe, D., Stapel, D.A., & Siero, F.W. (2007). On models and vases: Body dissatisfaction and proneness to social comparison effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 106-118. Articles 2008-2009 Gordijn, E. H., & Stapel, D. A. (2008). When controversial leaders with charisma are effective: The influence of terror on the need for vision and impact of mixed attitudinal messages. European Journal of Social Psychology, in press. Haefner, M., & Stapel, D. A. (2008). Attraktive Models in der Werbung: Auswirkungen auf den Betrachter und die beworbenen Produkte [Attractive models in advertisements: Consequences for perceivers and products]. In S. Trepte & E. H. Witte (Eds.), /Sozialpsychologie und Medien/ [Social Psychology and the Media]. Lengerich: Pabst, in press. Johnson, C.S., Norton, M.I., Nelson, L., Stapel, D. A., & Chartrand, T.L. (2008). The downside of feeling better: Self-regard repair harms performance. Self and Identity, 7, 262–277. Ko, S.J., Muller, D., Judd, C.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2008). Sneaking in through the back door: How category-based stereotype suppression leads to rebound in feature-based effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 833-839. Blanton, H., & Stapel, D.A. (2008). Unconscious and spontaneous and ... complex: The three selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 1018-1032. Renkema, L.J., Stapel, D.A., Van Yperen, N.W. (2008). Go with the flow: Conforming to others in the face of existential threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, in press. Teunissen, P.W., Stapel, D.A., Scheele, F., Scherpbier, A.J.J.A., Boor, K., Van Diemen-Steenvoorde, J.A.A/M., & Van der Vleuten, C.P.M. (2008). The influence of context on residents' evaluations: Effects of priming on clinical judgment and affect. Advances in Health Sciences Education, in press. Ruys, K. I., & Stapel, D. A. (2008). The secret life of emotions. Psychological Science, 19, 385-391. Joly, J., & Stapel, D.A. (2008). Staff, miter, book, share: How attributes of Saint Nicholas induce normative behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, in press. Ruys, K. I., & Stapel, D. A. (2008). Emotion elicitor or emotion messenger?: Subliminal priming reveals two faces of facial expressions. Psychological Science, 19, 593-600. Van den Bos, A., & Stapel, D.A. (2008). The impact of comprehension versus self-enhancement goals on group perception. Social Psychology, in press. Renkema, L.J., Stapel, D.A., Maringer, M., & Van Yperen, N.W. (2008). Terror Management and Stereotyping: Why do people stereotype when mortality is salient? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 553-564. Avramova, Y., & Stapel, D.A. (2008) Moods as spotlights: The influence of moods on accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 542-554. Ruys, K.I., & Stapel, D. A. (2008). How to heat up from the cold: Examining the preconditions for (unconscious) mood effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 777-791. Wiekens, C.J., & Stapel, D.A. (2008). The mirror and I: When private opinions are in conflict with public norms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1160-1166. Wiekens, C.J., & Stapel, D.A. (2008). I versus we: The effects of self-construal level on diversity. Social Cognition, 26, 368-377. Joly, J.F., & Stapel, D.A., & Lindenberg, S.W. (2008). Silence and table manners: When environments activate norms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1047-1056. Ko, S.J., Judd, C.M., & Stapel, D.A. (2008) Stereotyping Based on Voice in the Presence of Individuating Information: Vocal Femininity Affects Perceived Competence but not Warmth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 198-211. Wiekens, C.J., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). Self-awareness and saliency of social versus individualistic behavioral standards. Social Psychology, in press. Van den Bos, A., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). Why people stereotype determines how they stereotype: The differential infleunce of comprehension goals and self-enhancement goals on stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 101 -113. Hafner, M., & Stapel, D. A. (2009). Familiarity can increase (and decrease) stereotyping: Heuristic processing or enhanced knowledge usability? Social Cognition, in press. Lammers, J., Stoker, J.L., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). Differentiating Social and Personal Power; Opposite Effects on Stereotyping, but Parallel Effects on Behavioral Approach Tendencies. Psychological Science, in press. Noordewier, M., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). Local expectancies and attribution errors. European Journal of Social Psychology, in press. Noordewier, M.K., Van Horen, F., Ruys, K.I., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). What’s in a name? 361.708 euros: The effects of marital name change. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, in press. Van der Velde, S.W., Stapel, D.A., & Gordijn, E.H. (2009). Imitation of emotion: When meaning leads to aversion. European Journal of Social Psychology, in press. Ruys, K.I., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). Learning to Like or Dislike by Association: No Need for Contingency Awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, in press. Ruys, K.I., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). The unconscious unfolding of emotions. European Review of Social Psychology, In press. Teunissen, P.W., Stapel, D.A., Van der Vleuten, C.P.M., Scherpbier, A.J.J.A., Boor, K., & Scheele, F. (2009). Who wants feedback? An investigation of the variables influencing residents’ feedback seeking. Academic Medicine, 84, 910-917. Ruys, K.I., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). The unconscious unfolding of emotions. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 232-271. Books Book Chapters Stapel, D.A., Koomen, W., & Velthuijsen, A.S. (1997). The context of advertising: An analysis of assimilation and contrast effects. In G. Antonides, W.F. van Raay and S. Maital (Eds.), Advances in Economic Psychology (pp. 81-96). Chichester: Wiley. Martin, L.L., & Stapel, D.A. (1998). Metacognition and correction processes in social judgment: Are people naive dogmatists or naive empiricists? In V. Yzerbyt, G. Lories & B. Dardenne (Eds.), Metacognition: Cognitive and social dimensions (pp. 228-247). London: Sage. Martin, L.L., Strack, F., & Stapel, D.A. (2001). What's on our mind and how did it get there? The role of knowledge accessibility in social psychological phenomena. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual processes (pp. 236-256). Malden, MA: Blackwell. Stapel, D.A., & Koomen, W. (2001). Let's not forget the past when we go to the future: On our knowledge of knowledge accessibility effects. In G. Moskowitz (Ed.). Cognitive social psychology. (pp. 229-246). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Stapel, D.A. (2003). Making sense of hot cognition: Why and when description influences our feelings and judgments. In J.P Forgas, K.D. Williams, and W. von Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes (pp. 227-250). New York, NY, USA: Cambridge. Suls, J., & Stapel, D.A. (2007). Introduction. In D.A. Stapel & J. Suls. (Eds.). Assimilation and contrast in social psychology (pp. 1-5). New York, NY, USA: Psychology Press. Stapel, D.A. (2007). In the mind of the beholder: The Interpretation Comparisn Model of Accessibility Effects. In D.A. Stapel & J. Suls. (Eds.). Assimilation and contrast in social psychology (p. 143-164). New York, NY, USA: Psychology Press. Stapel, D.A., & Suls, J. (2007). Several answers to four questions: Reflections and conclusions. In D.A. Stapel & J. Suls. (Eds.). Assimilation and contrast in social psychology (p. 313-327). New York, NY, USA: Psychology Press.